Solar farms require large areas of land, and using agricultural lands for such a purpose might lead to food insecurity. Before deciding on solar farms, cost-benefit analysis should be considered. There is ongoing research on farming under solar panels, namely agrivoltaics (APV), and it is gaining popularity.

Nepalis farmers have to face uneven rainfall patterns. Farming under shade conditions help retain better soil moisture, save energy, and conserve water. Key shade loving crops with long duration storability and high market values have the potential to grow under the solar panels. One advantage of APV is to provide combined outputs with solar energy and agricultural produce. There are options to produce semi-shade loving (2-3 hours of sunlight in a day) crops on the module inter-row spacing (normally ranges from 1.7 to 1.8 meter in case of Nepal) of the solar panel system. Additionally, another option would be to cultivate shade tolerant crops under solar panels and maintaining panel height in between 2-3 meters would be adequate. 

Research shows that there is moisture in the air due to a lower vapor pressure deficit in the APV system. Plant species grow well in balanced soil moisture, cooler day temperature and warmer night temperature, and cooler day temperature enhances the efficiency of the solar panel systems. There is mutual benefit to both crop species and solar panels for efficient generation of electricity with better yield of high value agricultural commodities. Recently, French agricultural PV specialist Sun’Agri has revealed the results of tests run on a solar plant integrated with viticulture (wine growing). During heat waves, the company said, vines shaded by solar panels continued to grow and needed less water. The Sun’Agri 3 program, which is currently under demonstration phase, will initiate its commercial farming in 2022, and includes agrivoltaic projects linked to arboriculture, greenhouse gardening and arable crops across 15 installations. 

The main associated challenge for this system is difficulty in soil tillage or pulverization and intercultural operations. In APV, selection of crop species could be challenging. However, it creates an opportunity to identify high value agricultural shade tolerant species that need proper care for cultivation, bear high export potential and potential for processing of high value products. Herbs to medium height shrubs grow under solar panels.

In Nepal, even if agricultural and forest-based lands are properly utilized, there exist several unproductive land areas in uphill, Mid-hill and Tarai areas. For example, semi-sandy and non-forest grasslands in Tarai, Hill and Mountain areas with dry and bare lands are potential domains for Nepal to develop agrivoltaics. This approach not only maintains the energy mix requirements, they support in disaster conditions by supplying electricity at emergency and agricultural produce of desired quality. Hill and Tarai-based farming systems both can utilize the electricity developed by APV for a technically improved irrigation system.  

Floriculture is one of the most suitable businesses for APV. This business faces challenges due to seasonal fluctuation, lack of cold storage facilities and changes (with little deviation) in production and demand time in Nepal. Cultivating the complete or partial shade loving flower species can bridge the gap with this integrated solar cultivation system. Some examples of beautiful flowers/ornamentals like peace lily, croton and pothos, white orchids, snake plant, peacock plant grow in medium to low light conditions. These can be grown in indoor conditions well. Cardamom (Amomum Elettaria) needs special care during germination and can survive well in shade conditions, which has high market value. Agrivoltaics also creates opportunities to grow shade loving vegetables, cherry tomatoes, salad, and chilies as per the market demand. Also, medicinal, aesthetic plants and herbs like aloe vera, caladium, peppermint, crepe ginger, feverfew, catnip, lucky bamboo are other possible high demanding crop species. In addition, it creates an opportunity to introduce exotic high value crops being cultivated in the similar system and biophysical environment.  

Agrivoltaics can be used to expand improved farming in all possible ecological zones with potential crop diversification and industries wherein generated electricity could be properly utilized. 

Sharma is a agriculture specialist at the Office of the Investment Board

Chand is an energy specialist at the Office of the Investment Board

 
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