“Let a female tiger in India make love to a male tiger in Nepal,” sang Bhadai Tharu, a local conservationist from Bardia. His song underlines an important fact. Like all other species, tigers too need genetic diversity in order to survive. Inbreeding reduces their chances of survival, and with the added complication of climate change, how do we ensure that Indian and Nepali tigers meet?
One way to do it is to create conservation corridors to preserve habitat connectivity, enabling wildlife to move from one place to another. The corridor concept began gaining currency among Nepal’s conservationists during the mid 1990s. Before that, conservation efforts tended to focus on important species such as rhinos and tigers. A fortress-style approach was used, with national parks and protected areas set up to ‘contain’ the wildlife. However, there was a realization that protected areas alone were not enough to conserve wide-ranging species.[break]
Pallavi Dhakal/WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program
The corridor concept forms part of the relatively recent landscape approach to conservation, which works to address the challenges of habitat fragmentation and habitat isolation by looking at the broad interconnectedness of ecological systems. The approach also seeks to promote integrated ecosystem management that takes into account the socio-economic, political, and cultural needs of local communities. The Terai Arc Landscape was the first landscape to be recognized by the government in April 2001. Corridors play a crucial role in the landscape approach as they provide in-country and also transboundary connectivity for wildlife.
Although four transboundary corridors already exist and are recognized by Nepal Government, there is an urgent need for an additional corridor to connect Bardia National Park in Nepal to Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India. This will be called the Karnali River and Forest Corridor. It follows the western tributary of the Karnali River, which branches out from Chisapani Bazar in Baliya VDC and covers an area of 14,618.5 square hectares.
As the name suggests, this will be a river and forest corridor, the first in Nepal. It will facilitate the movement of both terrestrial and aquatic animals, notably the threatened Gangetic dolphin and gharial populations. The corridor provides both north-south and east-west connectivity which will be of particular help in the western stretches of the Churia hills. This additional corridor will also shore up protection for the entire Karnali River ecosystem in combination with the Khata corridor which lies to the east.
Both the (existing) Khata corridor and the (proposed) Karnali corridor facilitate the north-south movement of mega-species such as rhinos, tigers, and elephants. “If we do not intervene immediately, the long term viability of the narrow strip of forest that still exists in the Karnali corridor is put into question,” says Dr. Shant Raj Jnawali, Biodiversity Coordinator for the USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program. Dr. Jnawali’s fears are well-placed given the many challenges the area is facing, the most serious of which is the massive encroachment of forest land and river beds in the southernmost section of the corridor near the Nepal-India border. This wholesale encroachment has almost caused the corridor to be split in two.
The ongoing development of infrastructure presents further challenges. The east-west Mahendra Highway passes through the Karnali corridor at Baliya VDC, fragmenting a major patch of forest in the Churia hills and a narrow strip of forest in the Tarai. The ongoing World Bank supported Rani Jamara Kulariya irrigation canal project also bisects the forest corridor. This physical barrier will have direct impact on the north-south movement of wildlife. The canal will eventually pass through almost all of the corridor-adjoining VDCs in Kailali district. A hydropower project has been proposed upstream of the corridor on the Karnali River at Chisapani and if ever built, would very seriously affect the ecosystems in both the corridor and Bardia National Park. The proposed Indian funded Hulaki Highway connecting Nepalgunj and Dhangadhi, if constructed, will pass through the lower part of the corridor, fragmenting the habitat further and threatening the very existence of wildlife in the area.
“While national development is essential, we need to be careful, because this is a corridor of international importance. Any infrastructure development in this corridor should be designed in such a way that it will have minimum impact,” says Santosh Mani Nepal, Director of the Policy and Support Program at WWF Nepal. “WWF Nepal strongly recommends that the government either elevates the part of the Hulaki Highway where it passes through the corridor, or runs it underground,” he continues, “This is essential for the safe movement of wildlife, and for safeguarding the ecological functionality of the corridor.”
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) seeks to evaluate the effects that a project will have on the surrounding environment; it also recommends steps to be taken to mitigate negative effects. One can only wonder about the recommendations made by the EIAs carried out for the canal and highway projects. Considering that in Nepal, highways have been routed through national parks and other protected areas, let us hope that the EIAs for the Karnali projects are not being used simply to justify project interventions.
The many successful conservation efforts being carried out by different organizations in the Karnali corridor will be unable to address critical ecological issues without strong government support. The corridor must be conserved by strong community engagement, supported with robust policy back-up. The participation of local communities in conservation initiatives is all imperative. If only there were more local heroes like Bhadai Tharu to save the Karnali river and forest corridor. He has achieved so much in the neighboring Khata corridor which is well-maintained by local communities. And his passion for tigers continues, despite losing an eye to a tiger attack. “Let us not break the love between the Indian and the Nepali tigers,” he sings, “let us not block their free passage, let them meet and make love.”
The author is the
Communications Officer for the USAID funded Hariyo Ban Program, WWF Nepal. The views are personal.
pallavi.dhakal@wwfnepal.org
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