Tennis star Serena Williams could take a pass on Wimbledon if physical changes from her pregnancy such as balance and blood flow affect her preparation and performance, researchers who study pregnancy in high-performing athletes said.
It would be perfectly safe for Williams to continue with rigorous training throughout pregnancy, but how quickly she would return to tournament tennis, if she so chooses, was uncertain, the researchers said.
Williams on Wednesday confirmed her pregnancy through spokeswoman Kelly Bush Novak after the tennis player posted a picture of herself in a yellow bathing suit on Snapchat social media with the caption "20 weeks."
James Pivarnik, a kinesiology professor at Michigan State University, said Williams' muscular build could forestall some of the changes that could impair performance. Williams, who is 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 metres) and weighed 155 pounds (70 kg) according to her tennis association profile, won a 23rd Grand Slam tournament title at the Australian Open in January.
"It's not like some little 95 pound distance runner. From a size change difference, it might take longer for that to be an issue with her, depending on how she carries," said Pivarnik, who has studied the impact of pregnancy on exercise for the past three decades.
Halep wins Wimbledon, stops Williams’ bid for 24th Slam
In pregnancy, a woman's center of gravity shifts forward to accommodate the growing fetus, which could affect Williams' stance. Pivarnik said that Williams' size may be an advantage.
Williams has not played since January and two major events are coming up: the French Open in May and Wimbledon in July.
Pivarnik said, he would be "shocked" if Williams decided to compete at Wimbledon.
"She'd be 30 weeks. I can't see her being able to perform at a level she'd need to win," he said.
Most top athletes are able to perform very well through about the first half of pregnancy, said Dr. Bruce Young, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at New York University Langone Medical Center.
Starting at about six months of pregnancy, a woman's balance shifts. "That would be fine if you were a swimmer. If you are a tennis player, it's a problem," Young said.
Other changes could also have an impact, he said. For example, beginning at about 5 months, a woman's blood volume increases by 50 to 60 percent over the non-pregnant state, forcing the heart to work harder.
Red blood cell counts increase, but not in proportion to the increase in blood volume, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood, he said.
A woman's lung volume also decreases as the uterus grows and presses on the diaphragm.
"If you are competing at a very high level, that becomes a factor," Young said.
Extreme exercise and training during pregnancy remains safe, however, and can contribute to a swift return to pre-pregnancy performance levels provided the delivery goes smoothly, a survey of scientific literature by experts on behalf of the International Olympic Committee found.
"I've known women who are back to running fast 5Ks in a month because they ran probably up until 36 weeks without much problem," Pivarnik said.
Dr. Lauren Stretcher, clinical associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, said Williams' age - 35 - increases her chances of pregnancy complications, such as developing high blood pressure.
Predicting how long it will take Williams to recover from a pregnancy depends on several factors, including whether she had an easy or complicated vaginal or Cesarean delivery, whether she breastfeeds and whether her baby sleeps through the night or keeps her up for feedings every few hours.
"As much as we would like to be able to predict this stuff, the nature of pregnancy is it's going to be different for everyone," Stretcher said.
