The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet, driven by melting sea ice and thawing of carbon-rich Arctic permafrost, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In 2016, average Arctic surface temperatures were 3.5 degrees Celsius warmer than they were at the start of the 20th century, says NOAA.  When sea ice vanishes, the colour of the Arctic changes. Deep blue waters of the Arctic Ocean absorb more solar energy than ice, which reflects 70 per cent of the sun’s radiation into space. In turn, this heat spiral causes more ice to melt.

The ice recedes to an annual minimum extent every September. The record low was set in 2012 when the ice shrank from 15.2 million square kilometres to 3.4m sq km. This year it is expected to decrease from 14.8m sq km to 4.2m sq km, a close second lowest minimum, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Additionally, the average ice thickness has halved from 1980 to just one metre.

 
• Arctic
 
• Arctic_Ocean
 
• NOAA